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tic Preparedness Program in the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction," May 1, 1997 (online at
www.defenselink.mil/pubs/domestic/toc.html).
93. John Hamre interview (Dec. 9, 2003); Henry Allen Holmes interview (Nov. 10, 2003); Brian Sheridan inter-
view (Feb. 25, 2004).
94. Charles Allen interview (Jan. 27, 2004).
95. Commission analysis of U.S. counterterrorism strategy from 1968 to 1993.
96. President Reagan, "Remarks at the Annual Convention of the American Bar Association," July 8, 1985
(online at www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1985/70885a.htm).
97. See Report of the President's Special Review Board (Tower Commission) (GPO, 1987); Theodore Draper, A
Very Thin Line:The Iran-Contra Affairs (Simon & Schuster, 1991).
98. James Pavitt interview (Jan. 8, 2004).
99. President Clinton,"Address to the Nation on the Strike on Iraqi Intelligence Headquarters," June 26, 1993.
100. President Clinton, "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union," Jan. 24,
1995; President Clinton,"Message to the Congress Transmitting Proposed Legislation To Combat Terrorism," Feb.
9, 1995; President Clinton, "Message to the Congress Transmitting Proposed Legislation To Combat Terrorism,"
May 3, 1995.
101. Presidential Decision Directive/NSC-39,"U.S. Policy on Counterterrorism," June 21, 1995.
102. President Clinton,"Remarks by the President in a Congressional Meeting," July 29, 1996.
103. President Clinton, "Remarks Announcing the Second Term National Security Team and an Exchange
With Reporters," Dec. 5, 1996.
104. Presidential Decision Directive/NSC-62,"Protection Against Unconventional Threats to the Homeland
and Americans Overseas," May 22, 1998; Presidential Decision Directive/NSC-63,"Critical Infrastructure Protec-
tion," May 22, 1998.
105. President Clinton, "Commencement Address at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Mary-
land," May 22, 1998.
106. See Ernest R. May,"Intelligence: Backing into the Future," Foreign Affairs, Summer 1992.
107. For Congress's domestic orientation, see Lee H. Hamilton, How Congress Works and Why You Should Care
(Indiana Univ. Press, 2004), pp.18­19. For presidential focus prior to 9/11, see President Clinton, "Commence-
ment Address at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland," May 22, 1998; President Clinton,"Keep-
ing America Secure for the 21st Century," Jan. 22, 1999.
108. Hamilton, How Congress Works, p. 17. Our review of the classified schedules of authorization from 1995
to 2001 found that Congress generally supported the top line requests made by the administration for intelligence,
never reducing it by more than 2 or 3 percent; however, the congressional oversight committees did reallocate the
administration's requests significantly, sometimes increasing programs like counterterrorism that they believed were
being underfunded. On the intelligence budget, see George Tenet prepared statement, Mar. 24, 2004, pp. 23­26.
The DCI added that frustrations with getting additional funding requests arose mainly from the administration.
See ibid.
109. Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress, Final Report, Dec. 1993; "Contract with America,"
1994; Statement of Rep. Saxby Chambliss, Hearing on Intelligence Gaps in Counterterrorism before the Special
Oversight Panel on Terrorism of the House Armed Services Committee, Sept. 5, 2002.
110. Hamilton, How Congress Works, p. 106; Richard Durbin interview (Apr. 27, 2004); Dianne Feinstein inter-
view (June 1, 2004); Peter Hoekstra interview (June 2, 2004); Chris Shays interview (June 2, 2004); Dana Priest,
"Congressional Oversight of Intelligence Criticized," Washington Post, Apr. 27, 2004, p. A1. For Tenet quote, see
George Tenet testimony, Mar. 24, 2004.
111. For neglect of airline security, see Commission analysis of the Congressional Daily Digest and the Congres-
sional Record using the search term "aviation security." See also FAA briefing materials, "FAA Hearing/Briefing
Activity Prior to September 11, 2001," undated. For the focus on the Southwest border, see Commission analysis
of the hearing records of the subcommittees on immigration of the House and Senate Judiciary committees from
1993 through 2001. On restricting the FBI's appropriations, see Robert Dies interview (Feb. 4, 2004); Stephen Col-
gate interview (May 19, 2004). On sanctions on Pakistan, see Strobe Talbott interview (Jan. 15, 2004); Karl Inder-
furth interview (Feb. 18, 2004); Christina Rocca interview (Jan. 29, 2004). On the lack of time for oversight, see
Hamilton, How Congress Works, p. 112; see also Center for Strategic and International Studies meeting (July 23, 2003);
Jay Rockefeller meeting (Oct. 16, 2003). On the Senate Appropriations Committee, the long-serving Chair (Ted
Stevens) and Ranking Minority Member (Daniel Inouye) of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee conduct
at least weekly oversight sessions of the intelligence community, always behind closed doors, the effectiveness of
which we cannot judge.
112. Although some members of the House sought the creation of a Select Committee on Terrorism in the
beginning of 2001, the Speaker asked the intelligence ccommittee to set up a terrorism working group instead.
Under Rep. Saxby Chambliss and Rep. Jane Harman, it held several briefings before 9/11 and became a subcom-
mittee of the Intelligence Committee immediately afterward.
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