of the Visa-Issuance Process Phase I: Circumstances Surrounding the Issuance of Visas to Sheikh Omar Ali Ahmed
Abdel Rahman," Mar. 1994, pp. 6, 8, 36. On the informant's reports, see United States v. Rahman, 189 F.3d at 106107.
On the landmarks plot, see United States v. Rahman, 189 F.3d at 108111, 123127; Miller and Stone, The Cell, p.
116.
8.These prosecutions also had the unintended consequence of alerting some al Qaeda members to the U.S.
government's interest in them. In February 1995, the government filed a confidential court document listing Usama
Bin Ladin and scores of other people as possible co-conspirators in the New York City landmarks plot. Ali
Mohamed, who was on the list, obtained a copy and faxed it to a close Bin Ladin aide for distribution. Statement
of Ali Mohamed in support of change of plea, United States v.Ali Mohamed, No. S(7) 98 Cr. 1023 (S.D. N.Y.), Oct.
20, 2000 (transcript p. 29); Statements of Prosecutor and Judge, United States v. Bin Laden, No. S(7) 98 Cr. 1023 (S.D.
N.Y.), Mar. 26, 2001 (transcript pp. 33383339); Patrick Fitzgerald interview (Jan. 28, 2004).
9. On Ajaj's travels to Khaldan and interactions with KSM, see United States v. Salameh, 152 F.3d at 107108.
Ajaj had entered the United States on a B-2 tourist visa at New York City on September 9, 1991. INS alien file,
No. A72215823, Sept. 9, 1991.
10. On Yousef 's capture and the Manila air plot, see United States v.Yousef, 327 F.3d at 7982. On KSM, see Joint
Inquiry report (classified version), pp. 324328; CIA analytical report, "WTC 1993:The Solid Case for al-Qa'ida
Involvement," CTC 2002-40084H, July 11, 2002; Intelligence report, interrogation of KSM, May 27, 2003; James
Risen and David Johnston,"Threats and Reponses: Counterterrorism; Qaeda Aide Slipped Away Long Before Sept.
11 Attack," New York Times, Mar. 8, 2003, p. A12.
11. For a general history of the FBI, supporting the subsequent text (unless otherwise noted), see Athan G.
Theoharis, et al., The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide (Onyx Press, 1999); the FBI's authorized history, FBI
report,"History of the FBI" (online at www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/historymain.htm); the FBI's history as
told by the Federation of American Scientists, "History of the FBI," updated June 18, 2003 (online at
www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fbi/fbi_hist.htm). For discussion of field office autonomy,see FBI letter,Kalish to Wolf,
responses to questions posed by the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State, and Judiciary of the House Appro-
priations Committee, May 24, 2004, pp. 4748.
12. See, e.g., Dan C. interview (Aug. 27, 2003); Ruben Garcia interview (Apr. 29, 2004); DOJ Inspector Gen-
eral interview of William Gore, Oct. 24, 2002.
13.The Washington Field Office was originally assigned the East Africa bombings case because it generally has
responsibility for investigating crimes overseas.When the attack was determined to be al Qaedarelated, responsi-
bility shifted to the New York Field Office. See generally Kevin C. interview (Aug. 25, 2003).This created signifi-
cant friction between agents in the respective offices. Edward Curran and Sidney Caspersen interview (Jan. 20,
2004). On the concept of the office of origin, see FBI memo, Kalish to Wolf, responses to questions from the Sub-
committee on Commerce, Justice, State, and Judiciary of the House Appropriations Committee, pp. 4748; testi-
mony of Robert S. Mueller III before the Subcommittee on the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the
Judiciary and Related Agencies of the House Appropriations Committee, June 18, 2003; FBI report,"Counterter-
rorism Program Since September 2001," Apr. 14, 2004, p. 20.
14. On the impact of Watergate, see generally Kathryn Olmsted, Challenging the Secret Government:The Post-
Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI (Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1996).
15. David M.Alpern with Anthony Marro and Stephan Lesher,"This Is Your New FBI," Newsweek, Jan. 5, 1976,
p. 14.
16. On the Levi guidelines and the Smith modifications, see John T. Elliff,"Symposium: National Security and
Civil Liberties:The Attorney General's Guidelines for FBI Investigations," Cornell Law Review, vol. 69 (Apr. 1984),
p. 785. On the line between church and state, see Floyd Abrams,"The First Amendment and the War against Ter-
rorism," University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, vol. 5 (Oct. 2002).
17. On Pan Am bombing investigation, see Commission analysis of U.S. counterterrorism strategy from 1968
to 1993; FBI report,"History of the FBI."
18. Louis Freeh interview (Jan. 6, 2004); Federation of American Scientists,"History of the FBI;" DOJ Inspec-
tor General report,"Federal Bureau of Investigation Casework and Human Resource Allocation," Sept. 2003, pp.
iv, vi, viii, x, xiii.
19. For quote, see FBI report, "Congressional Budget Justification Book Fiscal Year 1995," undated, p. 6. On
Freeh's efforts, see Howard M. Shapiro, "The FBI in the 21st Century," Cornell International Law Journal, vol. 28
(1995), pp. 219228; Louis Freeh interview (Jan. 6, 2004). On Freeh's budget request, see FBI report, "Congres-
sional Budget Justification Book Fiscal Year 1995," undated.
20. Janet Reno interview (Dec.16, 2003); Dale Watson interview (Feb. 5, 2004); Stephen Colgate interview
(May 19, 2004); OMB budget examiner interview (Apr. 27, 2004).
21. On the plan, see FBI report,"Strategic Plan: 19982003,`Keeping Tomorrow Safe,'" May 8, 1998. For Wat-
son's recollections, see Dale Watson interview (Jan. 6, 2004).
22. For the mid-1990s numbers, see FBI memo, Freeh to Reno,"Reorganization of FBI Headquarters--Estab-
lishment of Counterterrorism Division and Investigative Services Division," Apr. 22, 1999. For the 19982001 num-
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