Security Assistance Provided for the Attackers, Feb. 13, 1997; FBI report of investigation, interview of Fadl, Nov. 4,
1997.
57.Tim Carney interview (Dec. 4, 2003).
58. Trial testimony of L'Houssaine Kherchtou, United States v. bin Laden, Feb. 21, 2001 (transcript pp.
12801282).
59. On the Sudanese economy, see, e.g., Benjamin and Simon, Age of Sacred Terror, pp. 114115, 132133. For
details about Saudi pressure on the Bin Ladin family, see, e.g., Frank G. interview (Mar. 2, 2004). Regarding man-
agement of Bin Ladin's finances, see CIA analytic report,"Usama Bin Ladin:Al-Qa'ida's Financial Facilitators," OTI
IA 2001-134-HXC, Oct. 18, 2001; CIA analytic report,"Shaykh Sa'id:Al-Qa'ida's Loyal Senior Accountant," CTC
2003-30072H, July 2, 2003; Intelligence reports, interrogations of detainee, Sept. 17, 1998; Aug. 4, 1999. On the
financial crisis in al Qaeda at this time, see trial testimony of L'Houssaine Kherchtou, United States v. bin Laden, Feb.
21, 2001 (transcript pp. 12821284).
60.Trial testimony of Fadl, United States v. bin Laden, Feb. 6, 2001 (transcript pp. 165174, 190205, 255258);
Feb. 7, 2001 (transcript pp. 382391); trial testimony of L'Houssaine Kherchtou, United States v. bin Laden, Feb. 21,
2001 (transcript pp. 12821284).
61. Because the U.S. embassy in Khartoum had been closed in response to terrorist threats, the U.S. Ambas-
sador to Sudan was working out of the embassy in Nairobi.The Sudanese regime notified him there by fax. See
Tim Carney interview (Dec. 4, 2003); Donald Petterson interview (Sept. 30, 2003); DOS cable, Nairobi 7020,
"Sudan: Foreign Minister on Developments re Terrorism and Peace," May 21, 1996. On the attempted assassina-
tion of Bin Ladin, see FBI report of investigation, interview of L'Houssaine Kherchtou, Oct. 15, 2000; FBI report
of investigation, interview of confidential source, Sept. 16, 1999.
62. Intelligence report, interrogation of KSM, July 23, 2003.
63. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Yale Univ. Press, 2000), p.
133; Steve Coll, Ghost Wars:The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to Sep-
tember 10, 2001 (Penguin, 2004), p. 9; Intelligence reports, interrogations of KSM, July 12, 2003; Sept. 27, 2003;
Intelligence report, interrogation of Khallad, Sept. 27, 2003.The current Afghan Foreign Minister told us that one
of Bin Ladin's planes landed in Islamabad for refueling. See Abdullah Abdullah interview (Oct. 23, 2003).
64. Rashid, Taliban, pp. 8890.
65. See Owen Bennet Jones, Pakistan: Eye of the Storm (Yale Univ. Press, 2002); Raffat Pasha interview (Oct.
25, 2003); Rashid, Taliban;Waleed Ziad,"How the Holy Warriors Learned to Hate," New York Times, June 18, 2004,
p. A31.
66. See, e.g., Marvin Weinbaum interview (Aug. 12, 2003);William Milam interview (Dec. 29, 2003). Milam
described "strategic depth" as Pakistan's need for a friendly, pliable neighbor on the west due to its hostile relation-
ship with India on the east.
67. On Pakistan's consent, see Ahmed Rashid interview (Oct. 27, 2003); see also Rashid, Taliban, p. 139; Intel-
ligence report,Terrorism: Activities of Bin Ladin's in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India, July 14, 1997; FBI investiga-
tion, interview of former al Qaeda associate, Mar. 19, 2001, p. 26. On the Afghanistan-Pakistan-centered network
of guesthouses and training camps, see CIA analytic report, "Sketch of a South AsiaBased Terrorist Training and
Logistic Network," DI TR 95-12, Dec. 1995; CIA analytic report,"The Rise of UBL and Al-Qa'ida and the Intel-
ligence Community Response," Mar. 19, 2004 (draft), p. 11.
68. On Bin Ladin's money problems, see trial testimony of L'Houssaine Kherchtou, United States v. bin Laden,
Feb. 21, 2003 (transcript pp. 12821286); Frank G. and Mary S. briefing (July 15, 2003); DOS cable, Nairobi 11468,
"Sudan: Major Usama Bin Ladin Asset Deregistered,"Aug. 6, 1996; Intelligence report, interrogation of KSM, July
30, 2003. See also Robert Block, "In War on Terrorism, Sudan Struck a Blow by Fleecing Bin Laden," Wall Street
Journal, Dec. 3, 2001, p. A1.
69. FBI report of investigation, interview of confidential source, Sept. 16, 1999; trial testimony of Ashif Juma,
United States v. bin Laden, Feb. 15, 2001 (transcript pp. 626627); trial testimony of L'Houssaine Kherchtou, United
States v. bin Laden, Feb. 22, 2001 (transcript pp. 12641267); FBI report of investigation, interview of L'Houssaine
Kherchtou, Aug. 28, 2000. See also Intelligence report, interrogation of Khallad, Sept. 27, 2003.
70. See trial testimony of L'Houssaine Kherchtou, United States v. bin Laden, Feb. 22, 2001 (transcript pp.
12821286).
71. Intelligence report, interrogation of KSM, July 12, 2003; Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda, p. 41; Rashid, Taliban,
pp. 1921, 133.
72. For Bin Ladin's 1996 fatwa, see Bin Ladin, "Declaration of War," Aug. 23, 1996. On constraints from the
Sudanese, see Intelligence report, interrogation of KSM, Feb. 20, 2004. On warnings from the Saudi monarchy, see
Intelligence report,Timeline of events from 1993 bombing of World Trade Center through 9/11 (citing cables from
Apr. 1997).
73. On Bin Ladin's promise to Taliban leaders, see government exhibit no. 1559-T, United States v. bin Laden.
For the Bin Ladin interview, see CNN broadcast, interview of Bin Ladin by Peter Arnett on Mar. 20, 1997, May
9, 1997 (available online at http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/binladen/binladenintvw-cnn.pdf). According to
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2
469
FinalNotes.4pp 7/17/04 4:26 PM Page 469