Top Document: Sci.chem FAQ - Part 3 of 7 Previous Document: 12. Nomenclature Next Document: 14. Academic Course Information See reader questions & answers on this topic! - Help others by sharing your knowledge Contributed by : Yogi Shan ## <yshan@nortel.ca> [ mutilated by Bruce Hamilton, who agrees with what Yogi has written, but has tried to make the FAQ format consistent, and added his opinion. ] 13.1 What newsgroups/mailing lists discuss illegal drugs? Current Usenet Newsgroups: alt.drugs.* ( 18 different groups including a.d.c ) alt.drugs.chemistry alt.psychoactives alt.hemp talk.politics.drugs alt.rave alt.consciousness # rec.drugs.announce # rec.drugs.cannabis rec.drugs.chemistry # rec.drugs.misc # rec.drugs.psychedelic # rec.drugs.smart Mailing lists: mdma/ecstasy/"E": To subscribe, send mail to listpimp@underground.net with the message: SUBSCRIBE mdma <your name> psychedelics: Leri-L (Leri-L Metaprogramming Mail Service) Contact: leri-request@pyramid.com TTIL is a moderated mailing list whose purpose is the respectful discussion of Psychedelic Religion. To subscribe send email to: listproc@phantom.com and put in the body of the message: subscribe ttil <your email address> There are several useful FAQs available in alt.drugs - start there with Yogi's Clandestine Chemistry FAQ. Comprehensive overviews of illicit drug information available on the Internet are maintained at several sites, eg http://hyperreal.com/drugs/ 13.2 Where can I obtain a list of illegal drugs? From the "Law" Section of the "alt.drugs Clandestine Chemistry Primer/FAQ" by Yogi Shan (yshan@nortel.ca), reproduced by permission: The drug statutes (possession, conspiracy, and sale), including Schedules I to V of the Controlled Substances Act (listing all banned and federally regulated drugs and precursors) are in Title 21 [of the United States Code] Sections 800-900 (21 USC 800-900). The US Code is available on the Internet: http://www.pls.com:8001/his/usc.html http://thorplus.lib.purdue.edu/gpo/ or as gzip compressed files (by Title): ftp://etext.archive.umich.edu/pub/Politics/Conspiracy/AJTeel/USC/ A current list of proscribed drugs may be obtained by writing to: Drug Enforcement Administration Attn: Drug Control Section 1405 "I" Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20537 13.3 What is the chemical structure of common illegal drugs? See the Merck Index for the chemical structure of your favourite poison. Heilbron ( aka "Dictionary of Organic Compounds ), a multi-volume set, is also excellent, and more up to date, though less commonly available. Serious structure chasers should also check Beilstein, which often provides far more detail of properties and structure than Merck or Heilbron. 13.4 How do I obtain chemical information on illegal drugs? Merck, Heilbron and Beilstein all provide information on drugs that have a significant presence in the market. Lesser-known homebake and analogues are usually not covered, and a search of Chemical Abstracts may not even provide information. Because of the various techniques used to "refine" and "cut" the active ingredients, most illegal drugs are seldom sufficiently pure to match published data. The drugs are marketed on their pharmacological and psychological activity, rather than chemical purity - similar to vitamin units of activity :-). I suggest you start by reading the various alt.drugs FAQs - they all list hardcopy references, and if they do not identify an information source, try posting to alt.drugs or rec.drugs. 13.5 Where are the synthesis instructions for illegal drugs? By asking the question in sci.chem, you already have signalled your level of knowledge of illicit chemistry discussions on Usenet. You should be in alt.drugs.* hierarchy and perhaps other groups in section 13.1 :-). For the short answer, refer to Merck, Heilbron or Beilstein, they will provide references to the original synthesis papers. Note that large scale production techniques often use procedures that were developed later, and street procedures often are significantly different, usually due to financial, equipment, or chemical feedstock constraints. For the long answers, see the "alt.drugs Clandestine Chemistry Primer/FAQ" by Yogi Shan (yshan@nortel.ca), and visit some sites listed in the Network Resources FAQ available in alt.drugs. For a fairly comprehensive overview, ( but no warranty implied for info available there ), you could start at: http://hyperreal.com/drugs/ An interesting article on the link between methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA, ecstasy, XTC, Adam ) illegal synthesis and the sassafras tree is available [1]. 13.6 Should I post detailed recipes for illegal chemicals? Well, if you do a lot of people will hate you. On the other hand many people will love you. Of course, most people won't care one way or another. Or maybe they'll just roll their eyes back, mumble something about "dissipated/mis-spent youth", and hit the "next" button. Posting them to sci.chem means you will be attempting to teach grandmother how to suck eggs, most regulars of sci.chem *know* where to find the complete instructions, how to perform the synthesis, and have authorised access to all the equipment and chemicals. The readers of sci.chem are probably not your target audience, and may be a little annoyed that you had such a low opinion of their chemistry abilities. If you do not want a lot of flames, try posting to the groups in section 13.1, they will probably appreciate your contribution more, but will still flame you if it is wrong. This is Usenet, do what you want as long as you think you can get away with it. And don't ever let anyone tell you that you can't. It's a truism on Usenet that whatever you do, someone's going to be mad at you. For every anarchistic Free Spirit (TM), there's going to be at least one anal-retentive busy-body who has nothing better to do that feign outrage at something or other. Some idiot in Australia even had the nerve to flame me for posting my Clandestine Chemistry FAQ to sci.chem, and I think drugs are terrible, and said so. So go figure. The only caveat to this is that posting mis-information, or information that you personally do not understand, is likely to result in a lot of flames. If you attempt to post anonymously to sci.chem, it is likely that you will encounter far more opposition than if you use your email address. As with all of Usenet, posters who sign their names to posts will be held accountable for the content, so posting obviously incorrect or incomplete syntheses to a group where knowledgeable chemists hang out is more likely to harm your credibility. Your posts are unlikely to gain you further knowledge of the synthesis, because if you post incorrect details, readers will be pointed to the more accurate Clandestine Chemistry FAQ, and also directed to the groups in section 13.1 to find the latest details. In the late 1980s, and early 1990s a poster began to post all the detailed synthesis methods from Pihkal to sci.chem. "Pihkal" is Alexander and Ann Shulgin's standard text " Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved [2a]", which has recently been supplemented with "Tihkal" ( Tryptamines I have Known and Loved ) [2b]. From vague memory, the poster was just listing the recipes, and not entering into discussions or responding to questions or comments. There was the usual outrage, but I believe he had to stop because of copyright violation of the book he was posting - he could not demonstrate to his access provider that he had approval from the copyright holder :-). Shulgin has now made Part Two of PiKAL freely available, and copies are littered around the Internet, so check out the various alt.drugs FAQs for their location. 13.7 What newsgroups/mailing lists discuss explosives? Rec.pyrotechnics and alt.engr.explosives are two newsgroups that discuss explosives, much to the consternation of some subscribers to the former. The rec.pyrotechnics FAQ is excellent, and is posted regularly to rec.pyrotechnics, news.answers, and rec.answers. There's an "Anarchist Cookbook FAQ" posted semi-regularly to rec.pyrotechnics and alt.engr.explosives that tells you why the AC is lousy. See also: http://www.cwi.nl/cwi/people/Jack.Jansen/spunk/cookbook.html This review goes a little overboard: the mercury fulminate and picric acid recipes the he refers to are fine by my estimation. See also [but no warranty implied for info available on]: http://paradox1.denver.colorado.edu http://www.wiretap.spies.com 13.8 What is the chemical structure of common explosives? Exothermic oxidation-reduction reactions are the source of energy, and they can be produced from mixtures of discrete fuels and oxidisers, or from molecular decomposition - such as from nitroglycerine. Propellants and explosives produce large volumes of gases, whereas pyrotechnics do not. Gas Reaction Ignition Volume Heat Temperature (cm3/g) (MJ/KG) (C) Photoflash (30:40:30 Ba(NO3)2:Al:KClO4) 15 8.989 700 TNT 710 4.560 310 Most explosives are organic compounds or mixtures that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Metallic fuels ( eg aluminium ) may be added to increase the heat of reaction. Industrial dynamites traditionally used nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose, and inorganic salts as sources of oxygen, but these have been replaced by formulations that use ammonium nitrate as the primary oxygen source. Note that the specific energy is usually lower than the combustion of common fuels in air because the fuels obtain their oxygen from air. Many explosive can either burn or detonate, usually depending on the type of initiation, confinement, and physical properties of the fuel. When initiated, burning first occurs at an increasing rate during the first few microseconds as it creates a high velocity, high pressure shock wave that exothermically decomposes the explosive as it passes. The wave is sustained by the transfer of energy from the reacted explosive to the unreacted explosive via shock compression. The reaction rate depends on the rate of propagation of the shock wave, rather than the rate of heat transfer - as occurs during burning. Explosives are usually classified into: Low Explosives or Propellants eg colloidal cellulose nitrate ( smokeless powder ), black powders, gun and rocket propellants. - they are usually mixtures of chemical compounds that produce large volumes of high temperatures gases at controllable rates, and do not require atmospheric oxygen. Ammonium perchlorate and ammonium nitrate are commonly used as oxidisers. Initiating or Primary Explosives ( detonators ) eg lead azide, mercury fulminate, diazodinitrophenol (DDNP). - they are used to initiate the next component of an explosive chain, and are usually dense, organometallic compounds. - these are sensitive materials and fairly dangerous to handle as they can be ignited by heat, shock and electrostatic energy. Lead Mercury DDNP Azide Fulminate Density (g/cm3) 4.0 4.2 1.60 Heat of Combustion (MJ/KG) 2.64 3.93 13.58 Heat of Detonation (MJ/KG) 1.54 1.79 3.43 Gas Volume (cm3/g at STP) 308 316 876 Detonation Velocity (m/s) 5100 5400 6900 High or Secondary Explosives There is a distinction between secondary and high, however many of the common explosives are considered "secondary high explosives". eg cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX), ammonium picrate (AP). "Secondary explosives" include trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (Tetryl), nitrocellulose (NC) nitroglycerine (NG), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), and nitromethane. High and secondary explosives require explosive shock to initiate their detonation, otherwise they would only burn if unconfined or unshocked. NG TNT AP RDX HMX Tetryl Density (g/cm3) 1.59 1.65 1.72 1.85 1.90 1.70 Heat of Combustion (MJ/KG) 6.80 15.02 12.09 9.46 9.88 12.24 Heat of Detonation (MJ/KG) 6.29 4.23 4.31 4.54 5.67 4.63 Gas Volume (cm3/g) 715 710 680 780 755 760 Detonation Velocity (m/s) 7600 6940 7050 8570 9160 7920 Detonation Pressure (GPa) - 18.9 - 33.8 39.3 26.2 RDX and HMX are substantially desensitized when mixed with TNT or coating with polymer/elastomer binders. Most RDX in the USA is converted into "Composition B" (59.5:39.5:1 RDX:TNT:Wax) "A5" (98.5:1.5 RDX:Stearic Acid) "C4" (91:5.3:2.1:1.6 RDX:dioctyl sebacate:polyisobutylene:oil). Amatol AN B 80/20 C4 AN ANFO Slurry Density (g/cm3) 1.72 - 1.64 1.72 0.93 1.40 Heat of Combustion (MJ/KG) 11.67 4.19 - 2.62 - - Heat of Detonation (MJ/KG) 5.28 4.10 6.61 2.63 3.76 3.05 Gas Volume (cm3/g) - 860 - 980 - - Detonation Velocity (m/s) 7900 5200 8340 2700 4560 6050 Detonation Pressure (GPa) 29.5 - 25.7 1.1 6.0 10.4 Note that explosives usually have less potential energy than gasoline, but it is the high rate of energy release that produces the blast pressure. TNT has a detonation velocity of 6,940 m/s compared to 1,680 m/s for the detonation of pentane in air, and the 0.34 m/s stoichiometric flame speed of gasoline combustion in air. Other than ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO), most common explosives are trinitrated organic compounds. Nitroglycerine (glyceryl nitrate), trinitrotoluene (TNT), picric acid, C4 (plasticized RDX/Cyclonite), and tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine), fall into this category. Refer to Merck or Kirk Othmer for chemical structures of common explosives. A range of Semtex plastic explosives were produced by the Semtin Glassworks in Czechoslovakia ( now known as VCHZ Synthesia ). Semtex-H is commonly used by terrorists and, although examples are of variable composition, it typically contains approximately 8% oil, 9% rubber, and approximately equal quantities of RDX and PETN, but with known composition ranges of >21.5% RDX and <64.5% of PETN. [3,4]. ANFO was proposed in 1867, but it was the development of anti-caking agents in the 1950s that made ANFO suitable for rock blasting. Typical commercial ANFO blasting agents consist of 94% ammonium nitrate prills (coated with an anti-caking agent) and 6% fuel oil. They are reclassified as blasting explosives if the formulation is sensitised by the addition of high explosive. ANFO explosives are usually initiated by a high-explosive booster such as formulation B. Maximum sensitivity to initiation occurs around 2-4% fuel oil, with the presence of water decreasing sensitivity. The recent bomb in Oklahoma City (estimated 1800kg ANFO)[5], demonstrated the destructive capacity of ANFO explosives. There were solubility problems using ANFO in wet drill holes, so aqueous- based slurries were developed. These are usually thickened suspensions dispersed in a saturated salt solution that has been made water resistant by the addition of hydrophilic colloids that inhibit water migration. Ammonium nitrate-based explosives account for 97% of the US industrial explosives. The infamous nitrogen tri-iodide ( touch powder ) produced by the reaction of ammonia with iodine, is not actually NI3, but a nitrogen iodide/ammonia complex with the structure NI3(NH3)n where n = 1, 3, or 5 - depending on conditions. NI3 has only recently been isolated, and is stable at -196C, decomposes slowly at -78C, and decomposes spontaneously at 0C [6]. Refer to an older inorganic chemistry text, such as "The Chemical Elements and their Compounds"[7], for further details and references. Recently, there has been great interest in the development of more energetic materials, and several new compounds are expected to replace existing materials - once manufacturing costs are reduced. Examples include;- ADN (Ammonium Dinitramide - NH4N(NO2)2, used as a propellant by the Soviet Union), CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexazaisowurtzitane, aka HNIW, the most powerful single-component explosive known - which, when combined with a polymer binder is also known as LX19), and TNAZ (1,3,3-trinitroazetidine) [8,9,10]. 13.9 How do I obtain chemical information on common explosives? There is an excellent, well-referenced "Explosives and Propellants" monograph in Kirk Othmer [11] and there are also the popular books "Explosives" by Meyer [12], and "Chemistry of Powder and Explosives" by Davis [13]. Many of the relevant properties of fuels and explosives are found in an easily-accessible Bureau of Mines report "Investigations of Fire and Explosion Accidents in the Chemical, Mining, and Fuel-Related Industries - A Manual" by J.M.Kuchta [14]. There is also the "Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics" journal. Merck lists most common, and many uncommon explosives, giving their structure, selected properties, and pointers to synthesis and more detailed information. Shreve and Kirk Othmer also discuss explosives manufacture. Tadeusz Urbanski wrote a massive four-volume reference set on explosives "The Chemistry and Technology of Explosives" [15] that should be available in any university science library (it's something like US$700 otherwise). The "Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items", aka "PATR 2700" (Picatinny Arsenal Technical Report) [16], is a U.S. Army (Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, NJ), all-encompassing compilation (10 volumes) of explosives properties and chemistry. Like Urbanski, it's also quite expensive. 13.10 What newsgroups/mailing lists discuss pyrotechnics? rec.pyrotechnics is the "official" newsgroup for fireworks/pyrotechnics discussions, though many have fled to the mailing lists due to the large numbers of juvenile "mad bomber" type posts that abound. Mark A. Buda < buda@star.enet.dec.com > The original rec.pyro exile fireworks list. "Mad Bomber" posts forbidden. The Pyro Mailing List is a "Real" pyrotechnic discussion group moderated by a pyrotechnician. No mad bombers. To subscribe apply to pml@vnet.net and follow the instructions. One must supply the info and there are reasonable guidelines to follow. Murr Rhame <murr@jazzmin.vnet.net> Show-Fire entertainment pyrotechnics mailing list. "Mad Bomber" posts forbidden. To subscribe send the following one line message to listserv@vnet.net: subscribe show-fire name@your.address Ken Harthun <omckenh@pipeline.com> PyroTechniques, The Newsletter for Pyrotechnic Enthusiasts. It is FREE for the asking. Just email me with a request to be added to the list. See also: http://mercury.aichem.arizona.edu/~tip/pyro.html http://nickel.ucs.indiana.edu/~flinn/pyro/pyro.html http://fireworks.com/ User Contributions:Top Document: Sci.chem FAQ - Part 3 of 7 Previous Document: 12. Nomenclature Next Document: 14. Academic Course Information Part1 - Part2 - Part3 - Part4 - Part5 - Part6 - Part7 - Single Page [ Usenet FAQs | Web FAQs | Documents | RFC Index ] Send corrections/additions to the FAQ Maintainer: B.Hamilton@irl.cri.nz
Last Update March 27 2014 @ 02:12 PM
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