Top Document: [sci.astro] Stars (Astronomy Frequently Asked Questions) (7/9) Previous Document: G.01.3 What are all those different kinds of stars? Neutron Stars Next Document: G.02 Are there any green stars? See reader questions & answers on this topic! - Help others by sharing your knowledge Author: Joseph Lazio <jlazio@patriot.net> A black hole is any object for which its entire mass M is contained within a radius 2GM R = --- c^2 where G is the universal gravitation constant (G = 6.67 x 10^-11 m^3/kg/s^2) and c is the speed of light. An object this compact will have an escape velocity larger than light so nothing can escape from it. (For an object with the mass of the Sun, this radius is 3 km.) BHs can be divided into (at least) three classes: primordial, stellar-mass, and supermassive. Primordial BHs, if they exist, were formed during the initial instants of the Big Bang. The initial Universe was not perfectly smooth, there were slight fluctuations in its density. Some of these density fluctuations could have satisfied the above criterion. In that case, BHs would have formed. These primordial BHs could have a range of masses, anywhere from milligrams to 10^17 times the mass of the Sun. Currently, however, there is little evidence to suggest that any primordial BHs did form. (In fact, the available evidence suggests that no primordial BHs formed.) Stellar-mass BHs are those with masses of roughly 10 times the mass of the Sun. These are formed from processes involving one or a few stars. For instance, a star more massive than 50 solar masses will also start to form a iron core. Unlike a less massive star that forms an NS during the supernova, though, the iron core becomes so massive that it collapses to form a BH. Another possibility for the formation of a stellar-mass BH is the collision of two stars, such as might happen in the center of dense globular cluster of stars or two orbiting NSs. A Stellar-mass BH is identified typically when it is orbited by a lower mass star. Some of the material from the companion star may be stripped away from it and fall into the BH, producing copious amounts of radio and X-ray emission in the process. Supermassive BHs are those with masses exceeding roughly 1 million times that of the Sun. These are found at the center of galaxies. It is not clear how these form, but it probably involves the accumulation of many smaller mass BHs, NSs, and perhaps interstellar gas during the formation of galaxies. Recent work shows a correlation between the mass of the central parts of galaxies and the mass of the central BH. This has led to some speculation at to whether the central BHs form first and "seed" the formation of galaxies or if there is a symbotic process in which the central BH and the galaxy are created simultaneously. There have also been suggestions of "intermediate mass" BHs. These would be objects whose mass is roughly 100--1000 times that of the Sun. The suggestions that such intermediate mass BHs might exist arise from X-ray observations of other galaxies showing strong X-ray sources not associated with the centers of the galaxies. Certain assumptions must be used in relating the X-ray brightness of the objects to their mass, though, so whether such intermediate mass BHs actually exist is still somewhat controversial. User Contributions:Top Document: [sci.astro] Stars (Astronomy Frequently Asked Questions) (7/9) Previous Document: G.01.3 What are all those different kinds of stars? Neutron Stars Next Document: G.02 Are there any green stars? Part0 - Part1 - Part2 - Part3 - Part4 - Part5 - Part6 - Part7 - Part8 - Single Page [ Usenet FAQs | Web FAQs | Documents | RFC Index ] Send corrections/additions to the FAQ Maintainer: jlazio@patriot.net
Last Update March 27 2014 @ 02:11 PM
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